ESSAY COMPARING “A JEST OF GOD” TO “THE FIRE-DWELLERS” The

ESSAY COMPARING â€Å"A JEST OF GOD† TO â€Å"THE FIRE-DWELLERS† The ESSAY COMPARING "A JEST OF GOD" TO "THE FIRE-DWELLERS" The prominent life of Margaret Laurence, one of Canada's most renowned female authors, began on July 18, 1926, in the quaint prairie town of Neepawa, Manitoba. Unfortunately, at a very young age, Laurence suffered the tragic loss of both her parents. Laurence's love for literature gradually developed with the support and guidance of her stepmother, a teacher and a librarian. Early in life, Laurence decided she would fulfil her passion for literature by turning to a career in fictional writing. She used her brilliant writing skills to express her personal concern; the progress of women as they struggle for self-realization in a male-dominated world, thoroughly in many of her novels. Laurence's dedicated devotion to the female movement has been the powerful basis of several novels throughout her career, but most significantly in A Jest of God (1966) and The Fire-Dwellers (1969).Neepawa Manitoba Canada

The Meaning of Okuns Law in Economics

The Meaning of Okuns Law in Economics In economics, Okuns Law describes the relationship between production output and employment. In order for manufacturers to produce more goods, they must hire more people. The inverse is also true. Less demand for goods leads to a decrease in production, in turn prompting layoffs. But in normal economic times, employment rises and falls in direct proportion to the rate of production at a set amount. Who was Arthur Okun? Okuns Law is named for the man who first described it, Arthur Okun (Nov. 28, 1928- March 23, 1980). Born in New Jersey, Okun studied economics at Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D. While teaching at Yale University, Okun was appointed to President John Kennedys Council of Economic Advisors, a position he would also hold under Lyndon Johnson. An advocate of Keynesian economic policies, Okun was a firm believer in using fiscal policy to control inflation and stimulate employment. His studies of long-term unemployment rates led to the publication in 1962 of what became known as Okuns Law. Okun joined the Brookings Institution in 1969 and continued to research and write about economic theory until his death in 1980. He also is credited with defining a recession as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth. Output and Employment In part, economists care about a nations output (or, more specifically, its Gross Domestic Product) because output is related to employment, and one important measure of a nations well-being is whether those people who want to work can actually get jobs. Therefore, its important to understand the relationship between output and the unemployment rate. When an economy is at its normal or long-run level of production (i.e. potential GDP), there is an associated unemployment rate known as the natural rate of unemployment. This unemployment consists of frictional and structural unemployment but doesnt have any cyclical unemployment associated with business cycles. Therefore, it makes sense to think about how unemployment deviates from this natural rate when production goes above or below its normal level. Okun originally stated that the economy experienced a 1 percentage point increase in unemployment for every 3 percentage point decrease GDP from its long-run level. Similarly, a 3 percentage point increase in GDP from its long-run level is associated with a 1 percentage point decrease in unemployment. In order to understand why the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment is not one-to-one, its important to keep in mind that changes in output are also associated with changes in the labor force participation rate, changes in the number of hours worked per person, and changes in labor productivity. Okun estimated, for example, that a 3 percentage point increase in GDP from its long-run level corresponded to a 0.5 percentage point increase in the labor force participation rate, a 0.5 percentage point increase in the hours worked per employee, and a 1 percentage point increase in labor productivity (i.e. output per worker per hour), leaving the remaining 1 percentage point to be the change in the unemployment rate. Contemporary Economics Since Okuns time, the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment has been estimated to be about 2 to 1 rather than the 3 to 1 that Okun originally proposed. (This ratio is also sensitive to both geography and time period.) In addition, economists have noted that the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment is not perfect, and Okuns Law should generally be taken as a rule of thumb as opposed to as an absolute governing principle since it is mainly a result found in the data rather than a conclusion derived from a theoretical prediction. Sources: Encyclopaedia Brittanica staff. Arthur M. Okun: American Economist. Brittanica.com, 8 September 2014. Fuhrmann, Ryan C. Okuns Law: Economic Growth And Unemployment. Investopedia.com, 12 February 2018. Wen, Yi, and Chen, Mingyu. Okun’s Law: A Meaningful Guide for Monetary Policy? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 8 June 2012.

The Meaning of Okuns Law in Economics

The Meaning of Okuns Law in Economics In economics, Okuns Law describes the relationship between production output and employment. In order for manufacturers to produce more goods, they must hire more people. The inverse is also true. Less demand for goods leads to a decrease in production, in turn prompting layoffs. But in normal economic times, employment rises and falls in direct proportion to the rate of production at a set amount. Who was Arthur Okun? Okuns Law is named for the man who first described it, Arthur Okun (Nov. 28, 1928- March 23, 1980). Born in New Jersey, Okun studied economics at Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D. While teaching at Yale University, Okun was appointed to President John Kennedys Council of Economic Advisors, a position he would also hold under Lyndon Johnson. An advocate of Keynesian economic policies, Okun was a firm believer in using fiscal policy to control inflation and stimulate employment. His studies of long-term unemployment rates led to the publication in 1962 of what became known as Okuns Law. Okun joined the Brookings Institution in 1969 and continued to research and write about economic theory until his death in 1980. He also is credited with defining a recession as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth. Output and Employment In part, economists care about a nations output (or, more specifically, its Gross Domestic Product) because output is related to employment, and one important measure of a nations well-being is whether those people who want to work can actually get jobs. Therefore, its important to understand the relationship between output and the unemployment rate. When an economy is at its normal or long-run level of production (i.e. potential GDP), there is an associated unemployment rate known as the natural rate of unemployment. This unemployment consists of frictional and structural unemployment but doesnt have any cyclical unemployment associated with business cycles. Therefore, it makes sense to think about how unemployment deviates from this natural rate when production goes above or below its normal level. Okun originally stated that the economy experienced a 1 percentage point increase in unemployment for every 3 percentage point decrease GDP from its long-run level. Similarly, a 3 percentage point increase in GDP from its long-run level is associated with a 1 percentage point decrease in unemployment. In order to understand why the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment is not one-to-one, its important to keep in mind that changes in output are also associated with changes in the labor force participation rate, changes in the number of hours worked per person, and changes in labor productivity. Okun estimated, for example, that a 3 percentage point increase in GDP from its long-run level corresponded to a 0.5 percentage point increase in the labor force participation rate, a 0.5 percentage point increase in the hours worked per employee, and a 1 percentage point increase in labor productivity (i.e. output per worker per hour), leaving the remaining 1 percentage point to be the change in the unemployment rate. Contemporary Economics Since Okuns time, the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment has been estimated to be about 2 to 1 rather than the 3 to 1 that Okun originally proposed. (This ratio is also sensitive to both geography and time period.) In addition, economists have noted that the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment is not perfect, and Okuns Law should generally be taken as a rule of thumb as opposed to as an absolute governing principle since it is mainly a result found in the data rather than a conclusion derived from a theoretical prediction. Sources: Encyclopaedia Brittanica staff. Arthur M. Okun: American Economist. Brittanica.com, 8 September 2014. Fuhrmann, Ryan C. Okuns Law: Economic Growth And Unemployment. Investopedia.com, 12 February 2018. Wen, Yi, and Chen, Mingyu. Okun’s Law: A Meaningful Guide for Monetary Policy? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 8 June 2012.

Marketing of services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing of services - Assignment Example In today’s uncertain and competitive environment the travels whether leisure or business looks for maximization of the value they receive for the money they have paid. At the same time the service providers in the hospitality industry are looking at optimisation of working capital, faster flow of cash and increase the revenue they earn from each room (Genpact Limited, 2012). In this context the paper focuses on the marketing of their service, service guarantee and how to improve the same. Figure 1 (Source: Genpact Limited, 2012) The Strand Palace Strand Palace is the hotel that is located at London. This hotel is considered to be catering to every visitor such as visitors on a city break, foreign tour group and business travellers. The hotel consists of eleven meeting rooms and this is the major venue for organizing events and conferences. The prime locations of London that a tourist wishes to visit are all near to this hotel such as the theatres, restaurants and shops of the Covent Garden lies in the north with the Thames, Charing Cross and Waterloo Bridge on the south (Strand Palace Hotel, 2013a; 2013b; Tisdall, 2013). Thus, this makes it attractive to the visitors who have planned for partying and sightseeing. This hotel started its operations in the year 1909 and was an art deco gem of that time. The treasure and glamour of the hotel is still prevalent and is preserved in V&A museum as a memento. The hotel has got nine floors that comprises of total 758 rooms. These rooms are constructed around the inner courtyard. The hotel is quite big where the visitors can consider themselves as on another planet separated from the rest of the world. Evaluation of the services In the hotel industry service quality occupies a very important place as it has high level of contact with the customers. In order to evaluate the service quality of the hotel, five dimensions are required to be considered. They are as follows: Tangibles refer to the appearance of the perso nal who is interacting with the customer or providing services, physical facilities of the hotel and the equipments that is related to the delivery of service. Reliability: This indicates the ability of the hotel staff to perform or provide the promised service in an accurate and dependable manner. Responsiveness: This indicates the willingness of the staff to provide services to the customers and the promptness in their service delivery. Assurance: This indicates the courtesy and knowledge of the employees that provides them the confidence and trust to deliver properly. Empathy: This signifies the caring and individualised attention towards the customer’s requirement (Antony, Antony and Ghosh, 2004). Service evaluation is highly important in a hospitality industry. The main reason behind this is that it reveals the weakness and the drawbacks that are present in the services delivery of the hotel. The management of the hotel can consider these drawbacks and weakness carefully such that they can take preventive and serious measures to eradicate these problems. For a hospitality industry, the service quality directly impacts the customer’s satisfaction, which in turn impacts the profitability and the business performance. If the service quality is good, then the customers are satisfied and loyal and this loyalty is measured in form of customer retention and business performance. Therefore, in the evaluation of the s

There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so Term Paper

There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so - Term Paper Example have heard a lot of medical professionals who talks about the positive effects of meditation therapy or counseling over the health progress of a sick person. Upon reflecting what these people are trying to convey, I have realized that it is by having a positive attitude and outlook in life that enables a sick person to easily recover from his/her illnesses as compared to another person who has developed a negative outlook in life. There are many situations that can prove that there is neither good nor bad and that the way we think makes something good or bad. We have always been told that cigarette smoking could lead to the development of cancer. Despite all the scientific evidences that can prove this idea right, we can still find a lot of medical practitioners who are chain smokers. Is it really difficult to quit smoking? Is cigarette smoking the only way to control work-related stress? Of course, we all know that the answer is â€Å"NO†. Have you ever wondered why most of these medical professionals find it very difficult for them to quit smoking whereas there are some people without medical background who could easily resist the temptation of smoking? If cigarette smoking is really addicting, how come there are some people who smoke but can anytime control their mind and convince themselves not to smoke? It is given that each person is subject to either internal and/or environmental stressor. Although stressor is always present in our daily life, each individual has their own strategy on how they choose to manage stress. In the book entitled â€Å"Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century†, it was mentioned that mediation as a form of therapy is effective in terms of converting negative emotions such as the feeling of stress into a positive one (Weiten, Lloyd, Dunn, & Hammer, 2009, p. 130). This explanation mentioned in the book clearly suggests that it is how a person thinks that makes something either good or bad. Perhaps, some of

Ceremony- Rewrite Essay Example for Free

Ceremony- Rewrite Essay Tradition is the illusion of permanence. It defines who people are and gives them a place in their community; it is an expression of belonging and individuality at the same time. In Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko exposes throughout the novel many Native American characters. Some follow the traditions and others are ashamed of them. Silko expresses that only the ones that follow them are the ones that find themselves. They know who they are and are stronger and wiser. Because of this, they are the ones that will survive in this horrible modern world. Tayo is a boy that is proud of his origins and follows the traditions of his tribe. Rocky, on the contrary, tries to avoid the traditions and follow the white ways. Consequently, he thinks it will give him an advantage. He considers that white people are better. Both boys are influenced by their family and events that occur during their childhood. Both Rocky’s parents are Native Americans. Auntie, his mother, is one of the most negative characters in the novel. She does not follow the morals of the Native Americans; she is instead Christian and is close-minded. She influences Rocky to the white ways; she is the one that tries to make everything possible for Rocky’s success as a white. She even takes him to white school. â€Å"You drink like an Indian, and you’re crazy like one too—but you aren ´t shit, white trash. You love the Japs the way your mother loved to screw white men.† Tayo is the child of a Native American woman and an uncertain white f ather. Tayo is bullied by this all the time since he was young. In school, he said â€Å"Mexican eyes, the other kids used to tease me.† Tayo’s mother name is Laura. Laura was confused with the mixing of both cultures and ends up being ashamed of both. In addition she becomes an alcoholic and abandons Tayo. People assault Tayo for looking different. They accuse him of thinking he is better because he is half- white. In contrast, he tries to fit in and be accepted in his community. He feels rejected. Native Americans live together, all with their brothers and sisters. Auntie is bother when Tayo shows up in her house. Grandma and Josiah do not because they are accustomed to live all together. Auntie raises Rocky and makes him her own way. On the other hand, Tayo is raise by Josiah and Grandma. They teach him the traditions and storytelling. The key is there, that makes Tayo and Rocky different: the way they are raise. It develops their feelings for their origins and makes them proud or ashamed of where they belong and who they are. Also, when Tayo and Auntie are alone she makes it clear that he is different in a wrong way. Auntie wants no success for Tayo, only for Rocky. This makes Tayo feels like an outsider in the family and gives the sentiment of not belonging anywhere, but he never loses faith. Yet, family motivates Rocky to act white. Tayo has to make an effort to be noticed in the family; he has to take care of the cattle and even decides to join Rocky in the army. While Rocky has to do nothing and family members support him the most. Going to war is something that Tayo does for belonging. It has some success; Rocky calls him â€Å"brother† and not â€Å"cousin†. In white school, teachers teach them that storytelling is pure superstition; it which is science they have to believe in. Tayo and Rocky are taught the same, Rocky succeeds and Tayo does not. Despite the fact that the teachers tell Tayo that traditions and storytelling are nonsenses he stills believes. Nevertheless, Rocky, After their first year of boarding school in Albuquerque, Tayo saw how Rocky deliberately avoided the old-time ways. Old Grandma shook her head at him, but he called it superstition, and he opened his books to show her. Rocky through Auntie’s previous influence, gets easily motivated by the white teachers. The teachers’ goal is to eliminate their beliefs, so Native Americans would start thinking â€Å"white†. Watching Rocky’s success in school â€Å"he listened to his teachers, and he listened to his coachThey told him, Nothing can stop you now except one thing: dont let the people at home hold you backAuntiewanted him to be a success. She could see what white people wanted in an Indian, and she believed this way was his only chance.† Rocky now thinks as a white man, but Tayo is still loyal to his Native American beliefs. Rocky’s decision to go to the war is driven by the goal of being as a white man and â€Å"belonging in America†. Rocky dies in war. Tayo and friends that attended white school together come back. All of them are suffering from an internal conflict, post traumatic effect. Tayo wants to cure himself and starts a traditional ceremony. The other men are like Rocky, they want to be white and reject their own culture. â€Å"So they tried to sink the loss in booze, and silence their grief with war stories about their courage, defending the land they had already lost.† The ones that are like Rocky, consequently, automedicate themselves with alcohol because they believe in nothing else. If Rocky had returned from the war he would have found in the same situation. In war they triumph, they are equally important as white men. â€Å"She looked at these Laguna guys. They had been treated first class once, with their uniforms. As long as there had been a war and the white people were afraid of the Japs and Hitler.† Without their uniforms, without being recognized as American soldiers, the Native Americans are again found discrimination. So they drink even more to remember that belonging â€Å"Here they are, trying to bring back that old feeling, that feeling they belonged to America the way they felt during war Belonging was drinking and laughing with the platoon, dancing with blond women, buying drinks†¦ They repeated the stories about good time like long medicine chants† . They are killing themselves with alcohol, the same way Rocky would do if he had back from the war. Because they prefer alcohol over medicine plants, or anything that is from their own culture. They already feel white and they like it more. In spite of this, Tayo cures himself and starts even a better life, the ceremony makes him a survivor. Leslie Marmon Silko between Tayo and Rocky shows the reader, even when Rocky is dead, how traditions can save the souls of who believe. Rocky and the other men modernize everything and eliminate their own origins. The people that they really are inside. Tayo, instead, combines the traditions and creates a new ceremony that includes white culture, but preserves the origins of the Native Americans. The other men are dead alive. Tayo is like that after the war, but ceremonies save him and make him a true survivor. Also, he has the function of a connection between the older and younger generations of Native Americans. The author concludes that in this modern and horrible world, only the ones that adapt and accept the change positively will survive and be happy. People should never forget their roots because that is what they purely are. Silko, Leslie Marmon. Ceremony. New York: Penguin Books, 1977. †Tradition is the illusion od permanence.† – Woody Allen

Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Brain Aging Diseases Papers

Parkinson’s Disease (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly decreased levels of dopamine in the striatum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment due to the lack, thus far of a simple diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least two of the three main features of PD: bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity, and resting tremor. In addition to these symptoms, most PD patients also show postural disturbances, impaired righting reflexes, and abnormal ocular movements. The extent of the disease and its symptoms can be quantified by one of a few similar scales, including the motor examination of the Unified Rating Scale for Parkinson’s Disease, in which each of 14 motor aspects are scored from 0 to 4 and the scores totaled. The items in this particular scale are as follows: 1) spee ch; 2) facial expression; 3) tremor at rest; 4) action or postural tremor of hands; 5) rigidity; 6) finger taps; 7) hand movements; 8) rapid alternating movements of hands; 9) foot agility; 10) arising from chair; 11) posture; 12) postural stability; 13) gait; and 14) body bradykinesia or hypokinesia. In addition to the typical idiopathic PD, PD-like symptoms may be seen in a variety of other disorders, such as striatonigral degeneration (which I will mention later), Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam, supranuclear palsy, and occasionally Alzheimer’s Disease. The resting tremor usually seen in PD primarily affects the digits, hands and arms, head, and lips, and ceases during voluntary movement and sleep. This tremor characteristically has a high amplitude a... ...n Implants on Primate MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism. J Neurosurgery; 72: 231-244. 19. Apuzzo, M. L. J. et. al. (1990). Utilization of Unilateral and Bilateral Stereotactically Placed Adrenomedullary-Striatal Autografts in Parkinsonian Humans: Rationale, Techniques, and Observations. Neurosurgery; 26: 746-757. 20. Lieberman, A. et. al. (1989). Adrenal Medullary Transplants as a Treatment for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease. Acta Neurol. Scand.; 126: 189-196. 21. Nakai, M. et. al. (1990). Autologous Transplantation of the Superior Cervical Ganglion Into the Brain of Parkinsonian Monkeys. J. Neurosurgery; 72: 91-95. 22.Wolff, J. A. et. al. (1989). Grafting Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Produce L-Dopa in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci., USA; 86: 9011-9014. 23.Carpenter, M. B. Core Text of Neuroanatomy (?). Scattered pages. Parkinson's Disease Essay -- Brain Aging Diseases Papers Parkinson’s Disease (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly decreased levels of dopamine in the striatum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment due to the lack, thus far of a simple diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least two of the three main features of PD: bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity, and resting tremor. In addition to these symptoms, most PD patients also show postural disturbances, impaired righting reflexes, and abnormal ocular movements. The extent of the disease and its symptoms can be quantified by one of a few similar scales, including the motor examination of the Unified Rating Scale for Parkinson’s Disease, in which each of 14 motor aspects are scored from 0 to 4 and the scores totaled. The items in this particular scale are as follows: 1) spee ch; 2) facial expression; 3) tremor at rest; 4) action or postural tremor of hands; 5) rigidity; 6) finger taps; 7) hand movements; 8) rapid alternating movements of hands; 9) foot agility; 10) arising from chair; 11) posture; 12) postural stability; 13) gait; and 14) body bradykinesia or hypokinesia. In addition to the typical idiopathic PD, PD-like symptoms may be seen in a variety of other disorders, such as striatonigral degeneration (which I will mention later), Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam, supranuclear palsy, and occasionally Alzheimer’s Disease. The resting tremor usually seen in PD primarily affects the digits, hands and arms, head, and lips, and ceases during voluntary movement and sleep. This tremor characteristically has a high amplitude a... ...n Implants on Primate MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism. J Neurosurgery; 72: 231-244. 19. Apuzzo, M. L. J. et. al. (1990). Utilization of Unilateral and Bilateral Stereotactically Placed Adrenomedullary-Striatal Autografts in Parkinsonian Humans: Rationale, Techniques, and Observations. Neurosurgery; 26: 746-757. 20. Lieberman, A. et. al. (1989). Adrenal Medullary Transplants as a Treatment for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease. Acta Neurol. Scand.; 126: 189-196. 21. Nakai, M. et. al. (1990). Autologous Transplantation of the Superior Cervical Ganglion Into the Brain of Parkinsonian Monkeys. J. Neurosurgery; 72: 91-95. 22.Wolff, J. A. et. al. (1989). Grafting Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Produce L-Dopa in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci., USA; 86: 9011-9014. 23.Carpenter, M. B. Core Text of Neuroanatomy (?). Scattered pages.

Beyond Tests: Alternatives in Assessment

AWANG INDRA S. / 107835010 BEYOND TESTS: ALTERNATIVES IN ASSESSMENT This chapter tries to discuss alternative in assessment and the problems found in alternative in assessments. Performance Based Assessment Performance based assessment implies productive, observable skills, such as speaking and writing of content valid tasks.According to O’malley and Valdez Pierce (1996), the characteristics of performance assessment are 1) students make a constructed response, 2) They engage in higher order thinking, with open-ended tasks, 3) tasks are meaningful, engaging and authentic, 4) tasks call for the integration of language skills, 5) both process and product are assessed, 6) depth of a student’s mastery is emphasized over breadth. Portfolios One of the most popular alternatives in assessment, especially within a framework of communicative language teaching, is portfolio development.Portfolios include materials such as: a. Essays and compositions in draft and final forms, b. Reports, project outlines, c. Poetry and creative prose, d. Artwork, photos, newspaper or magazine clippings, e. Audio and/or video recordings of presentations, demonstrations, etc, f. Journals, diaries, and other personal reflection, g. Test, test scores, and written homework exercises, h. Notes on lecturer, i. Self-and peer- assessments-comments, and checklists. Journals A journal is a log or account of one’s thoughts, feelings, reactions, assessment, ideas, or progress toward goals, usually written with little attention to structure, form, or correctness.Categories or purposes in journal writing, such as the following: a. Language learning logs, b. Grammar journals, c. Responses to readings, d. Strategies based learning logs, e. Self-assessment reflections, f. Diaries of attitudes, feelings, and other affective factors, g. Acculturation logs. Conferences Conferences are not limited to drafts of written work including portfolios and journals. Conferences must assume that the teacher plays the role of a facilitator and guide, not of an admini strator, of a formal assessment. Conferences are by nature formative, not summative and their primary purpose is to offer positive washback.Interviews This term is intended to denote a context in which a teacher interviews a student for a designated assessment purpose. Interview may have one or more of several possible goals in which the teacher:1. Assesses the student’s oral production, 2. Ascertains a students need before designing a course of curriculum, 3. Seeks to discover a students’ learning style and preferences, 4. Asks a student to assess his or her own performance, 5. Requests an evaluation of a course.ObservationsAll teachers, whether they are aware of it or not, observe their students in the classroom almost constantly. One of the objectives of such observation is to assess students without their awareness (and possible consequent anxiety) of the observation so that the naturalness of their linguistic performance can be maximized. 7. Self – and Peer Assessments Most successful learners extend the learning process well beyond the classroom and the presence of a teacher or tutor, autonomously mastering the art of self-assessment. Where peers are available to render assessment, the advantage of such additional input is obvious. According to Brown (2004), there are five categories of self and peer assessment:1.Assessment of performance, in this category, a student typically monitors him or herself in either oral or written production and renders some kind of evaluation of performance.2. Indirect assessment of competence, indirect assessment targets larger slices of time with a view to rendering an evaluation of general ability as opposed to one to one specific, relatively time constrained performance.3. Metacognitive assessment for setting goals, some kind evaluation are more strategic in nature, with the purpose not just of viewing past performance or competence but of setting goals and maintaining an eye on the process of their pursuit.4. Socioaffective assessment, yet another type of self and peer assessment comes in the form of methods of examining affective factors in learning. Such assessment is quite different from looking at and planning linguistic aspects of acquisition.5. Student generated tests, a final type of assessment that is not usually classified strictly as self or peer assessment is the technique of engaging students in the process of constructing tests themselves. Guidelines for self-and peer assessmentSelf-and peer assessment are among the best possible formative types of assessment and possibly the most rewarding, but they must be carefully designed and administered for them to reach their potential. Four guidelines will help teachers bring this intrinsically motivating task into the classroom successfully.Tell students the purpose of assessmentDefine the task clearlyEncourage impartial evaluation of performance or abilityEnsure beneficial washback through follow up tasks

Anne Lamott Summary Essay

In the book Bird by Bird by Anne Lamott, she writes an excerpt, Shitty First Drafts, which is about the impact and importance of the first drafts of writing. Anne explains in the beginning of this excerpt that all writers write shitty first drafts and the drafts get better as you write more and work on the writing more. Lamott claims that â€Å"writing is not rapturous,† she explains that the only way that she can write anything well is to write a very bad first draft and just work on fixing that. She explains that sometimes you just have to type and get your ideas  written out to be able to write a good piece of work. Once someone has been writing for so long, they have to have the ability to be able to just trust their writing process and understand that the first draft isn’t going to be perfect. Nothing is perfect on the first try, you have to keep working at it. Sometimes the first draft will be the worst thing someone thinks they have ever written, but they just have to go back to it and try to make it better and revise what is wrong. A writer has to start somewhere and they work from there. Just because the first draft is a bad draft doesn’t mean  that the final work will be terrible. The first draft is the terrible draft, the second draft is the slightly better draft that has been picked through lightly to better, and the final draft is the â€Å"dental draft. † The dental draft is the draft that you really pick through and make sure that everything is perfect. In other words, the final product is checked â€Å"dentally† to make sure that it is â€Å"healthy† so that the final product is perfect. Lamott’s entire excerpt is just explaining that whether or not your first draft is perfect or not, the final product will definitely be better and more acceptable.

806454335780 Essays - Education, Educational Psychology, Free Essays

806454335780 Essays - Education, Educational Psychology, Free Essays 806454335780 I wrote about the Cognitive Load Theory. My main purpose for writing about this was because I found it the most interesting core reading out of all of possible core readings. The intended audience for this core reading is my instructor and my classmates. I made many changes in my paragraphs by adding more details and examples to help my class understand what I was writing about. I received feedback from Chaunsity Daniels about my core reading, some of the feedback from her helped me edit my Final Draft a lot. She gave me some ideas to add to my writing. It helps that she told me what was wrong and pointed a few things out because I thought I knew what I was doing but after she had pointed out that she liked it but wasn't really sure where I was going with my writing. Now that I have re-read and edited my writing it sounds better. I have decided to revise some of my paragraphs because they clearly started what I was writing about but didn't go into detail or give any examples. With adding more information, I feel that my writing is more understanding.00 I wrote about the Cognitive Load Theory. My main purpose for writing about this was because I found it the most interesting core reading out of all of possible core readings. The intended audience for this core reading is my instructor and my classmates. I made many changes in my paragraphs by adding more details and examples to help my class understand what I was writing about. I received feedback from Chaunsity Daniels about my core reading, some of the feedback from her helped me edit my Final Draft a lot. She gave me some ideas to add to my writing. It helps that she told me what was wrong and pointed a few things out because I thought I knew what I was doing but after she had pointed out that she liked it but wasn't really sure where I was going with my writing. Now that I have re-read and edited my writing it sounds better. I have decided to revise some of my paragraphs because they clearly started what I was writing about but didn't go into detail or give any examples. With adding more information, I feel that my writing is more understanding.2597151257300 English 111 final Draft 9410036300 English 111 final Draft center2300231140 9410012100 center818008227695 Amber Mileski [emailprotected] Amber Mileski [emailprotected] There are three types of CLT. Element interactivity is the driver of our first category of cognitive load, this category is called intrinsic cognitive load. Intrinsic cognitive load demand on working memory capacity, only a simpler learning task can be used to reduce this type of load. The second is referred to as extraneous or ineffective cognitive load. Ineffective cognitive load refers to when "Part A of an explanation refers to Part B without clearly indicating where Part B is to be found." Which will impose heavy erroneous cognitive load because working memory resources must be used for activities that are irrelevant. The final form is germane or effective cognitive load. Effective cognitive load is influenced by the instructional designer. Where ineffective cognitive load interferes, germane cognitive load enhances learning. Instructional design is to free space so germane cognitive load can be increased. Amber Mileski Papia Bawa English 111 18 September 2016 CLT Instructional Design Table 1 [This Table Title Uses a Style Named "Table Title", Available on the Home Tab, in the Styles Gallery] Column Heading AdditionalColumn Heading AdditionalColumn Heading AdditionalColumn Heading Row Heading Row Heading Row Heading Source: [This source text uses a style named "Table Source", available on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery.] [This note text uses a style named "Table Note", available on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery. Table notes use a lowercase letter instead of Arabic numerals to differentiate them from the notes to body content.] Fig. 1. [This figure caption uses the No Indent style, available on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery. Label figures with the abbreviated "Fig." and a figure number.] [The sample list that follows was created using the Bibliography feature available on the References tab. This feature offers the option to specify MLA style, so that your references are automatically formatted

The Invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The Invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging or scanning (also called an MRI) is a method of looking inside the body without using surgery, harmful dyes or x-rays. The MRI scanner uses magnetism and radio waves to produce clear pictures of the human anatomy. Foundation MRI is based on a physics phenomenon discovered in the 1930s, called nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR, in which magnetic fields and radio waves cause atoms to give off tiny radio signals. Felix Bloch, working at Stanford University, and Edward Purcell, from Harvard University, discovered NMR. NMR spectroscopy was then used as a means to study the composition of chemical compounds. Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging. Paul Lauterbur, a Professor of Chemistry at the State University of New York at Stony Brook wrote a paper on a new imaging technique which he termed zeugmatography (from the Greek zeugmo meaning yoke or a joining together). Lauterbur imaging experiments moved science from the single dimension of NMR spectroscopy to the second dimension of spatial orientation- the foundation of MRI. Peter Mansfield of Nottingham, England, further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field. He showed how the signals could be mathematically analyzed, which made it possible to develop a useful imaging technique. Peter Mansfield also showed how extremely fast imaging could be achievable. This became technically possible within medicine a decade later. Raymond Damadian- First Patent in the Field of MRI In 1970, Raymond Damadian, a medical doctor and research scientist, discovered the basis for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis. He found that different kinds of animal tissue emit response signals that vary in length, and that cancerous tissue emits response signals that last much longer than non-cancerous tissue. Less than two years later he filed his idea for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis with the U.S. Patent Office, entitled Apparatus and Method for Detecting Cancer in Tissue. A patent was granted in 1974, it was the worlds first patent issued in the field of MRI. By 1977, Dr. Damadian completed construction of the first whole-body MRI scanner, which he dubbed the Indomitable. Rapid Development within Medicine The medical use of magnetic resonance imaging has developed rapidly. The first MRI equipment in health was available at the beginning of the 1980s. In 2002, approximately 22 000 MRI cameras were in use worldwide, and more than 60 million MRI examinations were performed. Water constitutes about  two-thirds  of the human body weight, and this high water content explains why magnetic resonance imaging has become widely applicable to medicine. There are differences in water content among tissues and organs. In many  diseases, the pathological process results in changes  of  the water content, and this is reflected in the MR image. Water is a molecule composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The  nuclei of the hydrogen atoms  are able to act as microscopic compass needles. When the body is exposed to a strong magnetic field, the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms are directed into order- stand at attention. When submitted to pulses of radio waves, the energy content of the nuclei changes. After the pulse, a resonance wave is emitted when the nuclei return to their previous state. The small differences in the oscillations of the nuclei are detected with advanced computer processing, it is possible to build up a three-dimensional image that reflects the chemical structure of the tissue, including differences in the water content and in movements of the water molecules. This results in a very detailed image of tissues and organs in the investigated area of the body. In this manner, pathological changes can be documented.

Which theory(ies) of persuasion in advertising are the most, or least, Essay

Which theory(ies) of persuasion in advertising are the most, or least, persuasive - Essay Example riety of functions with their advertising campaigns which include informing the public regarding their products and services, persuading the public to purchase their products and services, creating a brand image for their products and services, and reminding the public regarding their products and services (Sutherland & Sylvester, 1993, pp. 20-28). Hence, the main objective of businesses through advertising campaigns is to gain maximum business and earn maximum revenue by selling to more customers or selling more of their product to existing customers. Businesses tend to do this by attempting to persuade customers to perform in the way that the business sees desirable. Accordingly, businesses must take a sequence of steps and use various persuasion theories in order to convince customers to act in the manner the business deems desirable (Odih, 2007, pp. 40-48). Businesses use a variety of theories and appeals in order to engage commercials within their advertising activity. The three main types of advertising appeal that businesses use includes humor appeal in which businesses make funny adverts in order to appeal to consumers and show a light-hearted image of their company and products/services, sex appeal in which businesses use attractive content to appeal to the customer’s sexual preferences, and logic appeal in which business provide appropriate logic for purchasing or using their product/service (Odih, 2007, pp. 51-56). Businesses use a combination of theories in order to engage the customer into their advertising activity. Some theories claim to be more effective than others in attracting customers towards a product/service. The first thing that is essential for an organization to consider is the audience that they are catering to. There may be various types of people with differing personalities within their audience. Hence, it may be rather difficult to appeal to each of the different personalities individually and target the various types of people